Introduction To Biology. Characteristics Of Life. Levels Of Organization In Biology. Cell Theory And Cell Structure. Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Evolution And Natural Selection. Ecology and Ecosystems. Importance Of Biology In Modern Society.
Cells. Unicellular Organisms. Multicellular Organisms. Importance Of Cells. Basic Structure Of Cell. Prokaryotic Cells. Eukaryotic Cells. Cell Wall. Prokaryotes.
Organelles. Nucleus. Mitochondria. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum. Golgi Apparatus. Cytoskeleton. Vacuoles. Peroxisomes. Cilia And Flagella. Adenosine Triphosphate As The Energy Currency Of The Cell.
Chloroplast. Tonoplast. Cell Wall. Plasmodesmata. Microvilli. Virus.
Macromolecules. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides. Glycosidic Linkage. Polysaccharides. Monomers. Polymers. Reducing Sugars. Non Reducing Sugars. Benedicts Test.
Hydrolysis Of Disaccharides. Hydrolysis Of Polysaccharides. Lipids. Triglycerides. Glycerol. Fatty Acids. Ester Linkage. Phospholipids.
Amino Acids. Peptide Linkage. Protein Folding. Levels Of Protein Structures. Protein Stabilizing Interactions.
Disulfide Linkage. Salt Bridge. Globular Proteins. Fibrous Proteins. Water As Solvent. Specific Heat Capacity Of Water. Latent Heat Of Vaporization Of Water. Water As Reagent.
Enzymes. Intracellular Enzymes. Extracellular Enzymes. Mechanism Of Enzyme Action. Enzyme Specificity. Lock And Key Hypothesis. Induced Fit Hypothesis.
Factors Effecting Enzyme Activity. Enzyme Inhibitors. Irreversible Inhibitors. Reversible Inhibitors. Immobilized Enzymes.
Fluid Mosaic Model. Integral Proteins. Peripheral Proteins. Arrangement Of Cholesterol. Glycolipids And Glycoproteins In Cell Surface Membranes. Cell Signaling. Cell Recognition.
Diffusion. Factors Effecting Rate Of Diffusion. Facilitated Diffusion. Osmosis. Active Transport. Endocytosis. Exocytosis.
Water Potential. Solute Potential. Pressure Potential. Hypertonic Solution. Plasmolysis. Hypotonic Solution. Isotonic Solution. Exosmosis. Endosmosis.
Chromosomes. Centromere. Chromatin. Nucleosomes. Cell Cycle. Interphase. Mitosis. Cytokinesis.
Asexual Reproduction. Role Of Mitosis In Tissue Repair. Telomeres. Stem Cells. Genes. Mutation. Cancer. Tumor. Malignant Tumor. Benign Tumor. Metastasis.
Nucleotide. Purines. Pyrimidines. Polynucleotides. Hydrogen Bonding Between Nitrogenous Bases. Complementary Base Pairing. Double Helix.
D N A Replication. Replication Origin And Replication Bubble. Enzymes Involved In D N A Replication. Leading And Lagging Strands. Okazaki Fragments. D N A Proofreading . R N A. Genetic Code.
Gene Expression. Transcription. Post Transcription Modifications. Translation. Post Translation Modifications. Types Of R N A.
Transfer Ribonucleic Acid. Genetic Mutations. Point Mutation. Silent Mutation. Missense Mutation. Sickle Cell Anemia. Nonsense Mutation. Frameshift Mutation. Inversion Mutation.
Plant Tissue. Epidermis. Stomata. Mesophyll. Vascular Bundles. Cortex. Endodermis. Pericycle. Root Hairs. Parenchyma Cells. Sclerenchyma Cells.
Apoplast Pathway. Symplast Pathway. Transpiration. Transpiration Pull. Cohesion Tension Theory. Source Sink Relationship. Translocation.
Mammalian Circulatory System. Blood Vessels. The Heart. Pulmonary Artery.
Pulmonary Vein. Aorta. Vena Cava. Pulmonary Circulation. Systemic Circulation.
Role Of Carbonic Anhydrase. Chloride Shift. Blood Plasma. Oxygen Dissociation Curve.
Cartilage Rings. Smooth Muscles And Elastic Fibers In Respiratory System. Ciliated Epithelium. Goblet Cells. Squamous Epithelium. Gas Exchange Between Air In Alveoli And Blood In Capillaries.